Airspace And Airport Types (part 2)

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Class B - Large Terminal Airports
Large terminal areas such as the New York, Chicago, and Los Angeles areas have a high volume of air traffic. The airspace around these airports is under rigid control of ATC, and are called Class B airspace.

AIRCRAFT MUST HAVE ATC CLEARANCE PRIOR TO ENTRY INTO THIS AIRSPACE.



The airspace is composed generally of three concentric tiers. A core area around the airport is generally is surrounded by two additional shelf areas extending approximately 30 nautical mile radius from the primary airport.

The core area extends from the surface to 10,000 feet AGL. The second shelf has a wider radius and has both a floor and a ceiling. The ceiling is the same as the inner circle. The floor may vary at differing altitudes in various sections to accommodate smaller airports that underlie the middle tier of airspace.

The third shelf extends out approximately 30 nm from the airport. It has the same ceiling as the other two tiers, but has a higher floor than the middle shelf. This floor may also be variable in altitude to accommodate airports lying beneath the Class B airspace.

The actual configuration of the airspace varies to accommodate local operational requirements. The purpose of the Class B structure is to allow large high performance jet traffic to transition down to landing at the airport under IFR procedures, and with positive control and traffic separation.

Class B operational rules require:

Two way radio capable of communication with ATC.
Private pilot (or special student certification). Several airports prohibit student operations entirely.
Altitude reporting Transponder (Mode C).
If operating IFR, an operable VOR or TACAN receiver.
NOTE: Student pilots must have had training in Class B operations and appropriate sign-off of a Certified Flight Instructor.


A student may not operate from the following Class B airports.

Atlanta Hartsfield Airport (GA), Newark Airport (NJ), Boston Logan Airport (MA), Kennedy (NY), Chicago O’Hare Airport (IL), LaGuardia (NY), Dallas/Ft.Worth Airport (TX), San Francisco Airport (CA), Los Angeles Airport (CA), Washington National Airport (DC), Miami Airport (FL), Andrews AFB (MD).


Mode C Veil
Around Class B airspace is an area called the Mode C Veil. It is shown as a thin blue concentric line of 30 Nautical Mile radius around the Class B airport. An altitude reporting Transponder (Mode C) is required within this area and when operating under the floor or above the ceiling of the Class B airspace. Radio communication with ATC is not required as long as you stay outside the Class B airspace.

Special Use Airspace
A number of “special use” airspace areas exist for various usage. It means that certain activities have been confined to those areas of airspace. Limitations are placed on aircraft operations in these areas which are not a part of the activity. These are:
Prohibited areas
Restricted areas
Warning Areas
Military Operations Areas
Alert Areas
Controlled Firing Areas
Military Training Routes
Air Defense Identification Zone
Temporary Restricted Areas



Prohibited and Restricted airspace are regulatory use airspace whose rules are defined by FAR Part 73. Warning areas, MOA’s, Alert Areas, National Security Areas, and controlled firing areas are non-regulatory special use airspace.

Prohibited Areas
These are areas over which flight by civilian aircraft is prohibited by FAA Regulation. Operation within such an area can be justification for military interception or other action. The area around the White House in Washington DC is an example. The symbol is a blue feathered box shown at right with the words Prohibited in or near the box.


Restricted Areas
These are designated areas in which flight, although not totally prohibited, are subject to certain restrictions. These areas denote the existence of unusual, often invisible, hazards to aircraft. Such activities may be artillery firing, aerial gunnery, or guided missiles. Penetration of these areas without authorization of the controlling agency may be extremely dangerous. They are marked on the charts by blue feathered boundaries.

An identifying number such as R-5306 will be listed near or within the area. A listing on the bottom of the aeronautical chart identifies the area by number, and indicates the location of the area, the altitude limits of the space, the time of use, and the name of the controlling agency. It is good practice to plan to avoid such areas. If penetration of such an area is planned, the controlling agency should be consulted as to the status of activity in the area prior to any penetration.


Warning Areas
These are areas outside the 3 mile limit from shore in international airspace. They are similar to Restricted Areas. Activities which are unusual or may be dangerous to aircraft may be in progress. They cannot however be designated as Restricted Areas since they are over international waters

Warning areas are also identified by a blue feathered box with a number (such as W-74). Information concerning these areas is listed on the aeronautical charts in the same section as Restricted Areas. One should treat a Warning Area the same as a Restricted area, and follow the same procedures.

Military Operation Areas (MOA)
MOA's consist of airspace of defined vertical and lateral limits for the purpose of separating certain military training activities and IFR traffic. They are depicted by magenta colored feathered areas similarly to Prohibited, Restricted and Warning areas. They are denoted by names such as Beaufort MOA within or near the MOA-defined area. ATC can grant clearance to IFR traffic through an MOA if adequate IFR separation can be assured. If not, ATC will restrict routing IFR traffic through the area.

Most military training activities necessitate acrobatic or abrupt maneuvers. Pilots operating under VFR should exercise extreme caution whole flying in an MOA when military activity is being conducted. Military pilots on officially designated operations are exempt from conducting aerobatic maneuvers on the regions of Victor Airways.

VFR pilots should maintain caution when flying through an MOA when it is active. Pilots should contact a Flight Service Station (FSS) within 100 miles of the MOA to obtain real-time report of activity within the MOA. Prior to entry, pilots should contact the controlling agency for traffic advisories. Information about MOAs is listed in the same location on the aeronautical chart as the Restricted and Warning area information. The data is printed in Magenta.


Alert Areas

Alert areas are shown on charts to inform pilots of areas where intensive pilot training or other types of unusual aerial activity may take place. The area is depicted in a similar manner to the other special use areas, but indicated by a blue outline with the area crosshatched as shown.


Controlled Firing Areas
These areas contain operations such as artillery firing. They are not marked on charts, and pilots need not avoid. Spotter aircraft, radar or ground personnel monitor for aircraft in the area, and firing is suspended immediately upon the approach of aircraft.


Military Training Routes
Military training routes are used by high speed military aircraft conducting low and medium level high speed training activity. The routes above 1500 feet AGL are designed to be flown mostly under IFR rules. They may occur in either IFR or VFR meteorological conditions. The routes at 1500 feet and below are generally developed to be flown under VFR rules. Flight visibility must be 5 miles or more, with ceilings 3000 feet or more.



MTR’s with no segment above 1500 feet will be designated by a 4 digit number; i.e. IR 1206, VR 1207. Routes that include one or more segments above 1500 feet are designated by 3 digit numbers; i.e. IR206, VR207.

The routes are shown on aeronautical charts are gray in color, and will have numbers like IR718 or VR4003. Vigilance should be observed when operating near or crossing an MTR. Contact FSS within 100 miles to obtain current information on the activity along the MTRs. Give FSS your altitude and route of flight and destination when requesting MTR information.


Temporary Restricted Areas
The FAA may publish temporary restricted areas that may be due natural disaster, or other events, in which unauthorized civilian flight is inadvisable or may interfere with rescue or relief efforts. These temporary restrictions are published through the system called “Notices To Airmen” (NOTAMS). They are disseminated through the FAA Flight Service Stations. Contact FSS prior to any flight which may be in the vicinity of such events as air crashes, earthquake damage, floods, etc.

Airspace Rules
The various types of airspace have rules concerning weather limitations and equipment requirements for operation in the given airspace. The listing below summarizes these requirements.

Standard VFR Cloud Clearance and Visibility
Hereinafter, reference will be made to standard VFR Rules for Cloud Clearance and Visibility. These are:
Visibility Above Cloud Below Cloud Horizontal
Below 10,000 ft. 3 1000 ft 500 ft 2000 ft
Above 10,000 ft. 5 1000 ft. 1000 ft. 1 SM.
VFR Cloud Clearance and Visibility Rules
Class A Airspace Rules
Operations - Instrument Flight Rules Only
ATC Clearance Required - Yes
Radio Contact Required - Yes
Minimum Pilot Qualifications - Instrument Rating
Mode C Altitude Encoding Transponder Required - Yes
Cloud Clearance Requirements - None (IFR Rules apply)

Class B Airspace Rules
While in Class B airspace, the following rules apply.

Operations Permitted - IFR and VFR
ATC Clearance Required - Yes
Radio Contact Required - Yes
Minimum Pilot Qualifications - Private (Student if Signed-Off)
Mode C Altitude Reporting Transponder required - Yes
Cloud Clearance Requirements below 10,000 ft. - Clear of Clouds
Cloud Clearance Requirements above 10,000 ft. - Standard VFR
VFR Visibility Requirements below 10,000 ft. - Standard VFR
VFR Visibility Requirements above 10,000 feet - Standard VFR

Class C Airspace Rules
While in Class C airspace, the following rules apply.

Operations Permitted - IFR and VFR
ATC Clearance Required - IFR - Yes : VFR - No
Radio Contact Required - Yes
Minimum Pilot Qualifications - Student
Mode C Altitude Reporting Transponder required - Yes
Cloud Clearance Requirements below 10,000 ft. - Standard VFR
Cloud Clearance Requirements above 10,000 ft. - Standard VFR
VFR Visibility Requirements below 10,000 ft. - Standard VFR
VFR Visibility Requirements above 10,000 feet - Standard VFR

Class D Airspace Rules
While in Class D airspace, the following rules apply.

Operations Permitted - IFR and VFR
ATC Clearance Required - IFR -Yes: VFR - No
Radio Contact Required - Yes
Minimum Pilot Qualifications - Student
Mode C Altitude Reporting Transponder required - No
Cloud Clearance Requirements below 10,000 ft. - Standard VFR
Cloud Clearance Requirements above 10,000 ft. - Standard VFR
VFR Visibility Requirements below 10,000 ft. - Standard VFR
VFR Visibility Requirements above 10,000 feet - Standard VFR

Class G Airspace Rules
While in Class G airspace, the following rules apply.

Operations Permitted - VFR
ATC Clearance Required - No
Radio Contact Required - No
Minimum Pilot Qualifications - Student
Mode C Altitude Reporting Transponder required - No
Cloud Clearance Requirements below 10,000 ft. - Clear of Clouds (Day) : Standard VFR (night)
Cloud Clearance Requirements above 10,000 ft. - Standard VFR (day and Night
VFR Visibility Requirements below 10,000 ft. - 1 SM (day): 3 SM (night)
VFR Visibility Requirements above 10,000 feet - Standard VFR (day and night)